Which surface refers to the back (posterior) of the head?

The term that refers to the back (posterior) surface of the head is "occipital." This area is specifically located at the lower back part of the skull, where it meets the spine. The occipital bone forms a crucial part of the cranium and protects the brain while also providing attachment points for various muscles and ligaments.

In anatomical terminology, "temporal" relates to the sides of the head, where the temples are located, and does not refer to the back. "Axilla" refers to the armpit region of the body, and "pectoral girdle" describes the structure that connects the arms to the trunk, primarily involving the clavicles (collarbones) and scapulae (shoulder blades). Therefore, the use of "occipital" accurately identifies the specific posterior aspect of the head in anatomical discussions.