Which substance is classified as a narcotic?

Codeine is classified as a narcotic because it is an opioid medication derived from the opium poppy. It is commonly used for its analgesic (pain relief) properties and is effective in treating moderate to severe pain. The term "narcotic" originally referred to any drug that induced sleep or stupor but has evolved to predominantly describe opioid substances. Codeine specifically works by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, which alters the perception of pain and increases pain tolerance.

In contrast, alprazolam is a benzodiazepine, primarily used to treat anxiety, and does not fit the traditional definition of a narcotic. Ephedrine is a sympathomimetic agent that acts as a decongestant and stimulant rather than having narcotic effects. Phenobarbital is a barbiturate, which serves as a sedative and also does not fall into the narcotic category. This distinction among these substances is important for understanding their uses, effects, legal classification, and potential for abuse or dependence.